Timber Cruising Equipment and How to Use It

Wood Cruising Equipment and How to Use It Ed. Note: The principal fundamental advance toward selling lumber or forest area is a stock. It is an important advance which empowers the dealer to set a practical cost on both the wood and the land. The stock and strategies used to decide volumes are additionally utilized between deals to settle on silvicultural and the board choices. Here is the hardware you need, the cruising procedureâ and how to ascertain the voyage. This report depends on an article composed by Ron Wenrich. Ron is a sawmill specialist and has broad information on the most proficient method to stock your timberland utilizing the point testing technique. It is written in three sections, this being the initial segment, and all connections included were picked by the proofreader. You could quantify each tree and do a 100 percent examination, yet this is very tedious and exorbitant to do on huge woodlands. Be that as it may, another route is to utilize an examining framework. A demonstrated framework, called point inspecting, is utilized consistently by foresters and can be utilized by wood proprietors too. We will examine point inspecting and the gear you need here. Point Sampling Point examining is a technique for deciding the recurrence of event of trees all through the stand utilizing a fixed point. These focuses can either be irregular or deliberate. What you will gauge is the basal region of the trees happening by then or plot focus. Basal region is the zone of the cross-area of tree stems close to their base, by and large at bosom tallness, and including bark estimated more than 1 air conditioning. or then again ha. of land. This basal region (BA) is then used to compute the volume of a tree. Basal territory increments as stand size and site quality increments. Checks A check is expected to figure out which trees are tallied and which trees are definitely not. An edge check - either crystal (the crystal is a wedge-molded bit of glass that will divert the picture when seen), string, or stick measure can be utilized. A few kinds of point checks can be bought from any ranger service flexibly organization. A stick check can be built by putting an objective on the finish of a stick and by keeping a 1:33 proportion. A 1-inch site would be put on the finish of a 33-inch stick. You at that point eyeball each target tree with this measure to see whether it ought to be remembered for the example (more on this in a moment). It has been recommended that a dime can be utilized as a point check. Up to a 1:33 proportion is kept up, anything can be utilized. For a dime, the separation held from your eye would be around 23 inches. A quarter would be held 33 inches away. An option in contrast to purchasing an edge check is manufacture one. Fabricate an Angle Gauge Take a 1-inch bit of strong material - plastic, metal, and so on.- and drill a little gap to connect a string. Kite string will function admirably, hitching the string at 33 creeps from the measure and joining it to the locating gadget. Presently, when utilizing, essentially put the bunch between the teeth and sight your measure with the string totally extended. An option is to put a 1-inch score in the material which makes a sort of sight. Before running away and hiding with one of these, youll need to realize how to utilize one. Utilizing Your Gauge Trees are tallied at a point. This point can be irregular when simply checking loading at one point, or they can be situated on a framework to get information for volume or different elements. Trees will either be tallied or not checked. Checked trees will seem bigger than the measure. Trees seeming littler than the measure are not checked. A few trees will be fringe, and separation ought to be estimated from the plot place if precision is wanted. For most purposes, checking each other tree will yield powerful outcomes. It is likewise important to keep the measure corresponding to the tree. In the event that a tree is inclining towards or away from the plot, the check ought to be moved as needs be. Crystal Angle Gauges A crystal (most foresters utilize this sort check) will redirect the picture of the tree that is being watched. Trees that are avoided off the primary bole are not checked, while those that fall inside the principle bole are tallied. The contrast between the crystal and the other point measures is that the client keeps the crystal as the plot community while different checks utilize the eye as the plot place. Crystal edge measures arrive in various sizes, known as elements or Basal Area Factors (BAF). For most purposes, a BAF of 10 is utilized. At your point you basically make a circle tallying the trees that fall into your plot. Duplicate by 10 and you have the basal region per section of land at your plot. You will likewise see that bigger trees that are further away will be checked, while littler trees won't. When registering number of trees, bigger checked trees speak to less trees than littler tallied trees.

Supply Chain Management and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gracefully Chain Management and Technology - Essay Example Today with the ruin in economy and the expansion in the costs the organizations are intending to have a solid and a compelling gracefully chain in their main concern. The explanation is that the execution of a solid flexibly chain at the base will guarantee that the expense is diminished along the creation line and the administration is successful. Anyway these declines in the expenses and compelling administration will guarantee that the effectiveness of the firm gets increments and the productivity and the arrival on the venture increments. Execution of Enterprise asset arranging in an association works best related to a gracefully chain the board framework. ERP frameworks include a large number of business exercises, including client assistance and creation arranging that are not a piece of gracefully chains (de Burca, Fynes, and Marshall, 2005). The accomplishment of flexibly chain the board framework lies in the hands of the innovation. It very well may be just fruitful with the execution of online programming and through appropriate correspondence. Before the web the flexibly chain couldn't work properly the explanation is that the coordinated effort with different firms was less productive. The procedure of feed backs, refreshes and other significant business capacities used to take a great deal of time. The way toward moving information was completely done physically which required some investment. Coordinated effort with worldwide accomplices used to be a test for the associations. In any case, with the presentation of web and new correspondence advances that incorporate email, fax and so forth the correspondence and information and data move issue was totally settled. Probably the greatest bit of leeway that the innovation has offered to gracefully chain is the simplicity of cooperation regardless of how far off the client, the provider or some other association is. This aided in growing great connections at the two parts of the bargains chain which incorporates the clients just as the providers. The organizations can now additionally remain refreshed with their rivals' exercises. For instance a provider of customer merchandise might be connected up through web to one of the merchants. Along these lines at whatever point the stock goes down the request will be put naturally. along these lines, the merchant never needs to stress over coming up short on an item and baffling clients and the provider doesn't need to stress over keeping up a huge stock in desire for request. Frameworks have likewise been made to convey numerous solicitations at a solitary time. Working together along these lines utilizes existing assets and prepares for a bigger net re venue on all sides of the condition (Chow, 2006). The Importance of Technology Innovation today has made both re-appropriating and off shoring a lot simpler assignments than they were at first. In an exceptionally solid flexibly chain and an elaborative business it is here and there considered great to re-appropriate certain business capacities. This aides in sparing upon a great deal of expenses now and again. Innovation today like web and a few frameworks have made the undertaking of redistributing a lot simpler. For re-appropriating an assignment

MLA Format in Essays

MLA Format in Essays MLA Format in Essays MLA Format in Essays: Expert Tips on Proper Formatting When it comes to academic essay writing, MLA format in essays is definitely one of the most frequently assigned by professors. Normally, students have to format in MLA style those essays that are written in Literature, Liberal Arts and Humanities. Overall, during the years of college or university, students are assigned numerous types of MLA essays. Still, even though the citation style is widespread, some students cannot perfectly cope with all of its peculiarities and features. More so, it is understandable that it is hard to keep in mind all rules and specifics when it comes to formatting and writing academic papers in general. The very first reason why students face challenges with the process of organization and MLA style essay formatting is because some students tend to skip classes, and thus they have a gap in their knowledge and overall subject acquisition. The second reason is that students may be unable to find relevant information on what is MLA essay format, particularly its specific rules. Third, students may simply lack sufficient time on studying the principles of MLA essay formatting, which can also negatively impact the overall quality of writing. So, to avoid mistakes and ensure that your target audience does not get any negative impression from your writing, do not hesitate and buy a cheap MLA style essay from our service. Apart from getting custom help, you can also get guidelines on formatting as well as find some specific MLA essay example that you will find most useful.

The Education System A Comprehensive High School Program

Currently in the U.S education system, I can only think of one policy/practice/program that is similar to the Cardinal Principles outline. In many high schools around the country there are CTE courses and teachers that students can participate in. CTE (Career and Technical Education) are taught in many areas that are found in the professional world from business management to technology to arts to legal studies. To be a certified teacher in any of these areas, one has to have a degree/certain amount of credits in that CTE topic or a set amount of years of real world professional experience working in that field. CTE courses and curriculum is very aligned to what the Cardinal Principals authors had in mind with the structure of a comprehensive high school. This high school utopia that allows students to venture in to many different areas outside of the core subjects was what the Cardinal Principals authors seemed to believe was the answer to stronger educational outcomes and members o f society. Every high school does not offer CTE courses and teachers; there a number of reasons why. Very much like the Cardinal Principals understanding, every high school cannot provide a comprehensive curriculum that tailors to every type of interest. Funding and need definitely come in to play in this area. Additionally, looking at the last high school I was working at as an example, I do not believe that every population/SES group needs or desires this type of curriculum. The public highShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Comprehensive School Reform On Middle School Achievement1562 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Schools with high dropout rates are categorized as underperforming schools. Since a majority of our children, who drop out of school, do so in middle school or the first year of high school and their ages range between 12 and 16 years (Cohen Smerdon, 2009). It is the inability of many middle school kids to make the transition to high school that contributes to an increase in dropout rates. In order to address under performing schools and the high dropout rates, school reform programs wereRead MoreThe Debate For Comprehensive Sex Education1212 Words   |  5 PagesDebate for Comprehensive Sex Education Across the United States of America there is wide spread support for abstinence-only education. A majority of states require that abstinence-only education be the only form of sexual health education provided, or requires that abstinence be stressed above other forms of sexual education. These highly stressed abstinence-only programs are under fire as research comes out against the efficiency of these programs, and as new forms of sexual health education appearRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Taught?947 Words   |  4 Pagesshould receive sex education in public schools. With rates of teen pregnancy and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases on the rise, it is essential that school aged adolescents receive appropriate sex education courses. Though many parents across the nation believe that it is crucial to curriculum, how much they should be taught and what exactly should be taught is up for dispute. Articles such as â€Å"Abstinence and Abstinence-only Education: A Review of U.S. policies and Programs† written by JohnRead MoreSexual Education And Sex Ed1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual education (sex ed) in public schools has long been a controversial and debated topic in society. There are several questions when it comes to approaching sex ed in schools. These questions include: appropriate age for introducing sex ed; should sex ed be mandatory or optional; and whether sex ed programs should be comprehensive or abstinence-based. Sex ed is a necessary subject to teach in schools. It should be appropriate to the grade level and taught in a knowledgeable, unbiased manner.Read MoreSex Education And Sexual Education Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesalways affected the essence and teaching of sex education in the United States in different ways. Various sexual education methods exits, however comprehensive and abstinence-only programs are the most commonly know in public schools. 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This addressed four areas: †(1) Improving teacher and principal effectiveness to ensure that every classroom has a great teacher and every school has a greatRead MoreTeenage Pregnancies And Std Contraction1342 Words   |  6 Pagesin rates of teenage pregnancies and STD contraction. What is it about the US and its a pproach to sexual education that produces such numbers amongst its youth? The prevailing sexuality education system in the US is abstinence-only sex education programs. Abstinence-only-until-marriage education in schools is highly destructive to its students in multiple ways. Abstinence-only sexuality education does more harm to students than good, and is shown to have adverse effects on its students. The CDC YouthRead MoreThe, Birds And The Bees Analogy1575 Words   |  7 Pagesthe second World War and the Cold War. However, it slowly decreased into the late 1990s. As a result, public schools have started teaching sex education as a part of health and physical education in order to control teen pregnancies. In United States, twenty-two states as well as the District of Columbia require sex education to be taught in public schools (State Policies on Sex Education). Most parents are very concerned of what is being taught to their children. Parental involvement seem to comeRead MoreComprehensive Sexual Education Of The United States1219 Words   |  5 Pageseducational system as well.† Smith refers to the inadequate sexual education of teenagers in the United States. Sexual education is the instruction on issues about bodily development, sex, sexua lity, and relationships. Comprehensive sex education teaches about abstinence, condoms, and contraceptives to avoid sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unplanned pregnancies. As well as, the skills needed to help young people explore their own values and options. Comprehensive sexual education should beRead MoreComprehensive Sexual Education Should Be Taught1240 Words   |  5 PagesOUR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM AS WELL.† SMITH REFERS TO THE INADEQUATE SEXUAL EDUCATION OF TEENAGERS IN AMERICA. Sexual education is the instruction on issues about bodily development, sex, sexuality, and relationships. Comprehensive sex education teaches about abstinence, condoms, and contraceptives to avoid sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unplanned pregnancies. As well as, the skills needed to help young people explore their own values and options. Comprehensive sexual education should be taught

Emergency Contraception For Women s Reproductive Rights

In class, we have been discussion current controversies around the use of emergency contraception for women. Women’s reproductive rights are one of the most influential human rights battles facing our society. Women’s reproductive rights activists state that women should be allowed emergency contraception, because it declines the rates of abortions and is a staple for women’s health and independency. Opponents of emergency contraception declare it is against their religious beliefs because it causes abortions (). The article, â€Å"Crisis of Conscience,† which we discussed in class dives deep into this issue and provides a logical progression of the different areas cornering religious freedom of expression and human rights. In this article, the author is trying to provide the reader with a complete picture of the national debate discussing, â€Å"If a pharmacist has the right to refuse health care services based on moral grounds.† Also, the article tries takes a look at the overall controversy and the laws surrounding the pharmacist’s refusal to provide health care. It helps educate the reader and show them that a pharmacist’s right to refusal is wrong and should not be allowed. They begin discussing how an individual’s views on emergency contraception correlate with when they believe life begins. If someone believes life beings at fertilization, then they would view emergency contraception as an abortifacent. Consequently, if an individual believes life begins at contraception orShow MoreRelatedThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )1674 Words   |  7 Pagesprocedures, and patient counseling and education must be covered for all women with reproductive capability without having to pay a co-insurance, co-payment or a deductible. The covered forms of contraceptives include, but not limited to, hormonal oral birth control pills and emergency after intercourse pills as well as intrauterine devices (IUDs).3 However, some religious organizations were exempted from providing coverage of contraception as it violates their religious beliefs. Effective August 1, 2013Read MoreAbortion : Women s Private Issues892 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction. When it comes to contraception and the right to an abortion, one would think these are women’s private issues because pregnancy takes place in a woman’s body. It is an intensive process of holding another living creature in her system for nine months, which would mean that the woman would have to stop her other duties in order to take care of herself and this being. Her schooling, her job, and anything else in her life. As such, it is her choice whether she wants to, or even hasRead MoreThe Plan B Pill1608 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopment in Cairo, women have the right to control the number and timing of their pregnancies. In order to exercise this right, women throughout the world need access to the different types of contraceptives, as well as to safe abortion services. While most contraceptives are used as preventative measures prior to or during intercourse, some methods can be used within a short time after unprotected intercourse or failed use of birth control, w hich are usually referred to as emergency contraceptive. WithinRead MoreThe Effects Of Birth Control On Health Care1729 Words   |  7 PagesBy allowing women to maintain their right to have free access to birth control, it not only prevents unwanted pregnancies but it also protects women who suffer from reproductive issues, by lessening the side effects of their conditions. If that right were to be revoked or taken away, it would put reproductive health care system back into the dark ages. Maintaining the right to have free access to birth control and other reproductive health services protects not only ourselves, but future generationsRead MoreReproductive And Sexual Health Policies2415 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Reproductive health policies have always been controversial in the United States. There are diverging views of what should be considered policy and what should not be considered. There are differing views on how far reproductive and sexual health policies should go to protect the rights of all citizens in reproductive and family planning matters. Despite the differing opinions and uncertainty in how to proceed with reproductive health policies, there is one thing that is certain. SexualRead MoreWhy India Started Implementing Family Planning Practices1868 Words   |  8 Pagesawareness (Koenig, 2013). The emergency period from 1975-1977 led to legislation being passed to attack the problem of population growth. It was made compulsory for families to stop childbearing after three children during this period and led to women’s rights being violated. Forced sterilization took place for millions of people and this led to protests against the government. Prime Minister Gandhi decl ared a state of emergency and â€Å"implemented aggressive sterilization campaign[s] that targeted men in NorthRead MoreContraception Is An Entity That Many People Take For Granted1228 Words   |  5 PagesContraception is an entity that many people take for granted. In the past, women did not have any access to contraceptives because they did not exist at the time. As time passed, the thought of contraceptives began to bloom, but the idea was thought to be â€Å"obscene.† This was in a time where women had very few rights, and one of the rights they were forbidden to have was the right to have access to contraceptives and be active in the planning of their families and fertility. Whether in a relationshipRead MoreThe Morality Of Female Contraception1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe Morality of Female Contraception The morality of contraception is subjective and heavily controversial among families, religious organizations, activist groups, politicians, and corporations. Contraception was first defined in the late 1800’s as the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation by various techniques, drugs, or devices though contraceptive methods have been used and their morality debated for thousands of years. Raised in the Catholic faith, the teachings I have receivedRead MorePlanned Parenthood Is A Widely Known Nonprofit Organization.1046 Words   |  5 Pagesabortion. Yes, abortion is a service that they offer yet, they deliver much more than that. They deliver and educate us about birth control, cancer, men and women’s sexual health, pregnancy, sexual orientation and offer the Morning-After Pill (emergency contraception) and sexually transmitted disease screenings. Planned Parenthood is a large organization. â€Å"Planned Parenthood consists of 159 medical and non-medica l affiliates, which operate over 650 health clinics in the United States. It partners withRead MoreAbortion : Abstinence And Truth1523 Words   |  7 Pagesis surely appropriate. With the evolution of laws about women’s reproductive rights whether they are legal and safe as it pertains to abortions, birth control, and the proper education available to young and adult women. Truthfully, women are still left sitting on the outside looking in when it has come to their rights in connection to abortion and women’s reproductive issues. The ideal of abortion and laws pertaining to women’s right has been obscene and unexpected. Thoughts and experiences of teen

Qualities of a Friend Free Essays

Everyday we meet people. Many of them become instant acquaintances and most acquaintances bloom into friendship. Often this transition period occurs gradually. We will write a custom essay sample on Qualities of a Friend or any similar topic only for you Order Now Friends come into ours lives and go. Few stay a while longer and fewer still leave footprints in our hearts and the sands of time. Who is a friend and what are the qualities a friend should possess? The definition of a friend and friendship varies with each individual. For me, a good friend is someone who understands me, accepts me for what I am and at the same time inspires me to do the best. At a personal level, a true friend should not give up on me, should always forgive my mistakes and never judge me by actions as sometimes my actions may be rash and inconsiderate. We live in a very competitive world. Most of us are caught up in the rat race of paper chase, mounting work pressure and demanding family commitments take a toll on our time and energy. Consequently most of us experience mood swings due to high expectations placed upon us. It is during times like these, when we are burdened with responsibilities and life seems to be an endless uphill struggle, that we seek the comforting words of a friend; a friend who urges you to pick up the pieces and move on. A good friend is always there to lend a helping hand or to lend us a shoulder to cry on. At the same time, a friend should be trustworthy and loyal. When friends trust us with secrets, we should never betray their confidence. No one can confide in someone whom he cannot trust to keep his secrets. True friendship is demanding. It requires loyalty, trust, empathy, support and understanding. However, one should never expect such virtues in a friend unless he is willing to offer these virtues in return. In other words, one must be a friend to have a friend. It may be impossible to find all these virtues in a single friend. However, should I come across such a friend; I shall treasure our friendship for life. As I reminisce about the good times I have shared with the best of my friends, the words of William Shakespeare keeps ringing in my ears. â€Å"The friends thou has, and their adoption tired, Grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel. † Yes, friendship that has stood the test of time should be most revered and happy is the man who is blessed with such a friend. How to cite Qualities of a Friend, Papers

The Relationship Between Epistemology and Metaphysics Essay Essay Example

The Relationship Between Epistemology and Metaphysics Essay Paper In many ways epistemology clears the manner for metaphysical building or hypothesis. By adhering to the rules of one subdivision of doctrine. it allows us to go better at seeking within the other. It is true that epistemological thoughts are frequently knocked down by metaphysics. but when one considers that it is wholly possible to establish metaphysical thoughts on epistemology. it becomes clear that the subdivisions of doctrine are really much intertwined and slightly mutualist upon each other for lucidity and ground. It is a unusual philosophical mutualism from which a magnificent and new being emerges. We know that the end of metaphysics is to somehow develop an across-the-board hypothesis as to what the ultimate nature of the existence is and world itself. The human head being the manner it is. will non accept any of the possibilities unearthed by metaphysical oppugning unless it is in portion rationalized by epistemological enquiry. For illustration. the old inquiry about the tree falling in the forests. would it still do sound if no 1 was at that place to hear it? Well scientific discipline and its epistemological thirst for cognition has solved that inquiry by uncovering the being of sound moving ridges. which would be at that place irrespective of the emptiness of the forests. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Epistemology and Metaphysics Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Epistemology and Metaphysics Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Epistemology and Metaphysics Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Or has it? On the surface epistemology seems to hold solved the inquiry but the fact is metaphysically talking it has non been solved at all because the inquiry was about the nature of world itself. and whether or non the world of the tree falling would even be if there was no 1 to see it. Would the existence merely withdraw the part itself that was non being experienced by anyone? This inquiry can non be answered by either subdivision. but perchance by a combination of the two. With respects to epistemology. the universe really exists as a series of images. thoughts and concrete signifiers that can be interacted with. Yet despite the nonsubjective mentions that are this universe. it still can non be explained or even researched in an epistemological manner without first meeting some profound inquiries which in bend lead to farther quandary. The inquiry as to how one grounds is one such quandary. yet this inquiry and the myriad possibilities that arise from it falls partly in the sphere of metaphysics. Epistemology. in order to map as it is supposed to. must accept that cognition can be communicated and that world is a measure that can be known. at least to some extent. Because there must be an implicit in similarity between persons in order be able to pass on this cognition. so there must be at some degree a similarity between human heads and that means that the constructs tied up in metaphysics must be linked to epistemology. This unusual dualism does non take away from either construct ; so it really enhances each one. By giving up dependance on the construct of uninterrupted world. something outside scientific discipline. epistemology does non release nonsubjective truth ; alternatively it grabs holds of it even more tightly and wraps itself up in the dualism created by its mutualism with metaphysics. The nucleus constructs espoused by both of these subdivisions of doctrine are non at bosom incompatible. in fact we see that the antonym is rather true. Merely as the foundation of epistemological enquiry is the belief in the being of things. it is merely disposed that it should be counterbalanced by metaphysics. which inquiries that really existence. Without this both subdivisions would be in provinces of instability. There is a correlativity within and between epistemology and metaphysics which clearly demonstrates a relationship of mutuality between these nucleus constructs of doctrine. Conventionally there is believed to be a crisp differentiation between them. but at close scrutiny it becomes clear that these two subdivisions of doctrine far from being distant signifier each other are really elaborately intertwined. It is hence of import when going down either of these waies of wisdom to non merely tread lightly. but with our caput turned in the way of the other facet because with each of them steadfastly taking our custodies as we travel. we are apt to go baffled and lose our manner.

Seneca Belief on Banishing the Passions essays

Seneca Belief on Banishing the Passions essays I do not believe that one can completely banish their emotions. What one can do is control their emotions. I do believe that this is a sound principal for daily living. This can be done through the practice of philosophy. I conclude that emotions should not be banished, but rather controlled. This essay will deal with a quotation from Senecas letter XXXVIII On Allegiance to Virtue. (Seneca, Reader: 68) It will endeavor to explain this quote dealing with five of the main passions which Seneca wishes to banish. Quotation from Senecas letter XXXVIII, on Allegiance to Virtue In Senecas letter XXXVIII On Allegiance to Virtue, (Seneca, Reader: 68) Seneca writes: The passions, which are heavy task masters.....can be banished from you by wisdom, which is the only real freedom. .... If you would have all things under your control, put yourself under the control of reason.(Seneca, Reader: 70) In order to understand this statement, it is essential to break it down into smaller components. In the first sentence, Seneca speaks of the passions, (Seneca, Reader: 70) which according to Seneca are strong feelings of anger, lust, love, ambition and fear. Seneca states that the passions are heavy task masters. By this, Seneca means that the passions have you in their control; they control you as opposed to you controlling them. It takes much energy to release your self from the tight grip of love, lust, fear, anger and ambition. He says that the passions can be banished. (Seneca, Reader: 70) He does not want to kick the passions out, but rather banish them completely. Get rid of them altogether. Seneca says that the way to banish these passions is by wisdom (Seneca, Reader: 70). Wisdom according to Seneca is the source of knowledge that gives us control. It is the complete understandi...

Descriptivism in Linguistics

Descriptivism in Linguistics Descriptivism is a nonjudgmental approach to language that focuses on how it is actually spoken and written. Also called  linguistic descriptivism.  Contrast with prescriptivism.   In the article Beyond and Between the Three Circles,  linguist Christian Mair has observed that the study of human languages in the spirit of linguistic descriptivism has been one of the great democratic enterprises of the past two centuries of scholarship in the humanities. . . . In the twentieth century, structuralist descriptivism and sociolinguistics have . . .  taught us to respect the structural complexity, communicative adequacy and creative-expressive potential of all the worlds languages, including socially stigmatized working-class and ethnic speech (World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations, 2016). Views on Prescriptivism and Descriptivism Excepting only in certain educational contexts, modern linguists utterly reject prescriptivism, and their investigations are based instead on descriptivism. In a descriptivist approach, we try to describe the facts of linguistic behavior exactly as we find them, and we refrain from making value judgments about the speech of native speakers. . . .Descriptivism is a central tenet of what we regard as a scientific approach to the study of language: the very first requirement in any scientific investigation is to get the facts right.(R.L. Trask, Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics. Routledge, 1999) The Realm of Descriptivism When we observe a linguistic phenomenon, such as the ones we observe on the Web, and report on what we see (i.e., the ways people use language and the way they interact), we are usually within the realm of  linguistic descriptivism.  For instance, if we take inventory  of the specific linguistic features of the discourse of a given speech community (e.g., gamers, sports enthusiasts, technology majors), we are within the realm of descriptivism.  A speech community, as Gumperz  (1968:381) points out, is any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a shared body of verbal signs and set off from similar aggregates by significant differences in language usage. Descriptivism involves observing and analyzing,  without passing too much judgment, the habits and practices within speech communities, focusing on language users and uses without attempting  to get them to modify their language according to standards external to the language itself .  Descriptive linguistics aims to understand the ways  people use language in the world, given all of the forces that influence such use. Prescriptivism lies at the other end of this continuum and is usually associated with stipulating rules and norms for language use.(Patricia Friedrich and Eduardo H. Diniz de Figueiredo, Introduction: Language, Englishes, and Technology in Perspective.  The Sociolinguistics of Digital Englishes.  Routledge, 2016) On Speaking With Authority About Language Even the most descriptive of linguists have not shied away from describing theirs as the only acceptable approach to grammar nor from ridiculing and condemning the prescriptivist statements of others.To a great extent, this is a story of a contest about who speaks authoritatively about the character of language and the methods for analyzing and describing it. The story reflects a continuing struggle to gain the exclusive right to speak authoritatively about language. The details reveal that prescriptivism remains entrenched in ostensibly descriptive as well as admittedly prescriptive approaches. For one thing, despite a professed commitment to descriptivism, professional linguists sometimes espouse prescriptivist positions, though not often about particular items of style or grammar.(Edward Finegan, Usage. The Cambridge History of the English Language: English in North America, ed. J. Algeo. Cambridge University  Press, 2001) Descriptivism vs. Prescriptivism [D]escriptivism is like common law, which works on precedent and accumulates slowly over time. Prescriptivism is an authoritarian version of code law, which says precedent be damned: if the rule book says this is the law, thats that.(Robert Lane Greene, You Are What You Speak. Delacorte, 2011)At more rarefied levels, prescriptivism  has become a four-letter word, with scholars arguing that it is neither desirable nor feasible to attempt to intervene in the natural  life of language. A deliberate renunciation of prescriptivism is more like atheism than agnosticism: a conscious nonbelief is, itself, a belief, and a refusal to intervene is essentially prescriptivism in reverse. In any event, in their rush away from prescriptivism, linguists may have abdicated a useful role as arbiters and many have left much of the field open to those stylized as language shamans by Dwight Bollinger, one of the few linguists who was willing to write about the public life of language.  Bolinger rig htly criticized  the obvious crank elements, but he also understood the desire, however ill-informed, for authoritative standards.(John Edwards,  Sociolinguistics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press,  2013) Pronunciation: de-SKRIP-ti-viz-em

Compare and Contrast Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Compare and Contrast Research Methods - Essay Example Through observation, the researcher is able to identify particular aspects of the research (Poynter, 2010). Also, through observation, researchers learn more information about research aspects, thus being able to determine attitudes and behaviors. Both observation and in-depth interview methods are important because they will increase the objectivity of the study (Poynter, 2010). Informal and in-depth methods are largely qualitative. Researchers use in-depth interviews in collecting data, because it is a highly interactive, multivariate and objective method of conducting study, which makes it different from observation method (Wilson, 2010). Using interview, the interviewer seeks more explanation from the interviewees as opposed to observation, where the researcher simply looks at the objects of study (Wilson, 2010). Under this methodology of in-depth interview, the participants will be drawn from four departments within the research population (Wilson, 2010). Since there will be many prospective participants from each department, out of the available participants, the researcher will select a given sample for the study. This is similar to observation because in the latter, the researcher can chose from the available research items to carry out the study (Wilson, 2010). In addition, the selection of participants in informal and in-depth interview is done usi ng random sampling, which is representative and non-discriminative, a situation which makes the methods resemble observation. Under informal and in-depth interviews, the different categories under which the participants will be divided would be based on the management levels, where as in observation, the researcher carries the study alone (Wilson, 2010). Interviews will also increase the participation between the researcher and respondents. Indeed, using interview will increase the interaction and the researcher would get more relevant information about the topic, a situation that

Children's Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Children's Analysis - Case Study Example That is, systems that rely on perfect performance by individuals to prevent errors are doomed to fail. Healthcare persons typically react to a specific accident by focusing on the error rather than attempting to understand the systematic cause and designing interventions that minimize if not altogether eliminate the occurrence of such errors. Medication errors are the most common preventable cause of adverse events. Early detection and constant reporting of such errors is crucial, particularly in hospitals, where systems for detecting adverse drug reactions and medication errors can save lives, money, and legal problems. A well kept log for such errors enables the experts to design strategies for their prevention, which is usually the better option, rather than a post scenario cure. Administrative, organizational, educative reforms as well as software controlled electronic systems can be designed after the evaluation of logs of such errors, which can prevent their occurrence in futur e. The medical literature today is rich enough and easily accessible for a medical professional in any capacity, to update their knowledge and look for preventive solutions in case of any doubt while administering their art. A proper coordination of medical staff and availability of ready consultation at the time of need can go a long way in preventing medical errors and accidents. The incident of an overdose of morphine in case of a ten-year old boy named Matthew at Children’s Hospital in Minneapolis illustrates a system error, which could have resulted in fatal consequences if it had not been addressed and handled in a practical manner reflecting evidence-based practice. The case described a pediatric patient of stable condition who has been transferred from the intensive care unit to the medical/surgical unit with an order for a continuous morphine drip. Upon set-up of the

The Necessity of Reforming the Citizenship Process Essay examples -- C

During my early teenage years, every day after school, I would check the mail and become disappointed when there was no letter from the â€Å"Department of Homeland Security.† I came to America with my family at the age of eight, and it took our family almost eight years to become naturalized as U.S. citizens. These years were the most stressful times of my life. Day and night, my thoughts were consumed with uncertainty and fear that our family was not going to survive the path of obtaining citizenship. With my dad having no job, and my mom suffering from a uterine disease, the path to obtaining our citizenship was a â€Å"nightmare.† I remember my parents filing out numerous applications, such as â€Å"I-485† or â€Å"N-400,† writing checks that amounted to almost ten thousand dollars, paying expensive fees, and trying to remember countless facts about the U.S. government for the citizenship test. Indeed, the citizenship process is costly, utterly stressf ul, unfair, and because it encourages illegal immigrants to maintain their illegal status, America should reform the citizenship process to make legalization more attainable. United States has one of the highest percentages of immigration. The majority of the immigrants that settle in America come from third world countries, which are characterized by â€Å"deep, absolute poverty and instances of great wealth in their populations, but their overall economies fall below even that of a middle-income country such as Russia† (Alters 1). Due to the poor conditions in developing countries, many immigrants decide to come to America for job opportunities that are not present in their country of origin. When applicants apply for citizenship, the application fee for citizenship acts as a barrier for their path t... ...mmigrants." The Daily Aztec. The Daily Aztec, 26 Apr. 2011. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. Foley, Elise. "How Much Does It Cost to Become an American?† The Washington Independent National News in Context. Washington Independent, 09 Sept. 2010. Web. 13 Nov. 2011 Jensen, Molly Thomas. â€Å"The high cost of Citizenship.† Harvard Law Record. Harvard Law Record, 1 March.2011. Web. 1 Nov.2011. Miller, John J. â€Å"What Should an American Know?: The new naturalization: dumbed down and deleterious.†National Review, 22 Apr.2002. Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 4 Nov. 2011. Nazir, Faisal. Personal Interview. 11 November. 2011. Orgad, Liav. â€Å"Creating new Americans: The essence of Americanism under the Citizenship Test.† Houston Law Review. Article, Mar 2011. Web. 4 Nov.2011. Romano, Andrew. "How Dumb Are We?" The Daily Beast. The Daily Beast, 20 Mar. 2011 Web. 1 Nov. 2011.

Ideology of the films Essay

I. Introduction Feature films such as Star Wars and The Terminator last just a couple of hours, but they take months or even years to make. Huge teams of people are involved in preparing for the action, and then capturing it on camera. Then, when the acting has finished, more hard work begins on turning the action into a film fit for cinema and TV screens. This paper studies (1) who were the first film-makers; (2) know the development of cinema worldwide; (3) be aware of the different types of modern film and; (4) figure out the film-making at present. II. Background A. The first film-makers The first people to invent equipment for making films were the Americans W. K. L. Dickson and Thomas Edison, in the early 1890s. Their apparatus consisted of a camera called the Kinetograph and a viewing box called the Kinetoscope. Only one person at a time could look into the viewing box to watch the film, which was in black and white, had no sound and lasted just a few seconds. Two French brothers called Auguste and Louis Lumiere first devised a way of projecting film images onto a large screen for an audience. The Lumiere brothers called their apparatus the Cinematographe. They carried out their first demonstration in a Paris cafe in December 1895. People were stunned to see the large, moving pictures. Other inventors immediately began creating new types of projectors and experimenting with making their own films. ? Early film-making ideas Film cameras do not record movement. The moving pictures we see on screen are actually still photographs, taken so quickly one after the other that they seem to merge. Each still photograph is called a frame. Most film cameras today take 24 frames every second, on a big reel of film that is wound steadily through the camera. The first film cameras, though, could take only 16 frames every second. The length of the film on the reel was 20 or 25 metres, which gave just about one minute of screen time. So the first films usually showed just one, short scene. For example, L’Arroseur Arrose (A Trick on the Gardener) by the Lumiere brothers, made in 1895. The first film with more than one scene was probably Come Along Do! , produced by the Robert Paul company in Britain in 1898. The company joined a scene outside an art gallery with a scene inside. A film-maker called George Melies began to produce multi-scene films, such as Cinderella (1899). Melies also experimented with interesting ways to join the scenes together. He often used equipment, such as slides and magic lanterns, to create special effects. At the turn of the century, two British film-makers working separately in Brighton came up with creative ideas for shooting the scenes themselves. George Albert Smith invented a technique for filming a scene from different camera positions. In The Little Doctors (1901), a scene showing somebody feeding medicine to a kitten is shown first from a distance, then in close-up, then from a distance again. James Williamson had a different idea—to shoot a piece of action across several scenes, instead of just one. In Stop Thief! (1901), the lead character runs out of one scene, then the film cuts to a new scene elsewhere and the lead character runs into the scene, continuing the story. An American film-maker called Edwin S. Porter used ideas like these especially effectively in a 1903 film called The Great Train Robbery. III. Discussion A. The Development of Cinema Worldwide In the early days of film-making there were no cinemas. Film-makers used specialist sales organizations to sell their films to entertainment organizers, who projected them as part of variety shows in tent theatres. From 1905 to 1908 in the United States, thousands of theatres (known as nickelodeons) were set up especially for film. Permanent film theatres were also established across Europe, and film-making became a booming business. From 1908 a leading centre for American film-making developed in an area of southern California called Hollywood. Established British and French film companies were joined by flourishing film industries all over the world. An Italian film company produced the first large-scale film in 1912. It was called Quo Vadis? , and used massive film sets and more than 5,000 actors. Film-going became so popular that from 1914 many lavish cinemas called picture palaces were created. They could seat thousands of people at a time. Film-companies began to make films that lasted for several reels instead of just one. Picture palace audiences had to wait in the middle of a film while the projectionist changed reels. Films in those days were silent, so picture palaces usually had a pianist or organist who played music to accompany the action. Film-makers also included short written sentences in the film to add to the story or explain what the actors were saying. One of the most famous silent film stars was the British actor Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977), who created the loveable character of the â€Å"little tramp† who had a funny walk. Many film companies experimented with animated drawings and models, as well as human actors. European film companies introduced the idea of making information films about events in the news, as well as films for entertainment. ? Color and Sound From the early 1900s, inventors had worked on films with colour and sound. The first breakthrough with colour came in 1908 in London, when G. A. Smith demonstrated a colour film process called Kinemacolour. However, Kinemacolour shades were based on just two colours, so films continued to be made in black and white. The first colour films to be created successfully from two colours were Toll of the Sea and The Black Pirate, shown to the public in 1922. In 1926 the American film company Warner Brothers delighted audiences with a series of short films that had sound to match the pictures. As the sound was recorded on a separate disc, the words did not always match the mouth movements of the actors. Warner Brothers’ The Jazz Singer was the first full-length talkie, in 1927. The film company Fox soon developed a more effective technique for recording the sound onto the film itself. During the 1930s, Hollywood film companies made the most of the new sound technology by making musicals with singing and dancing stars such as Shirley Temple, and Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. Gangster talkies and romantic comedies were popular in the United States and Britain, although at this time the Japanese film industry was the largest producer of films in the world. In 1934, the Bombay Talkies studio was formed in India, founding one of the biggest film industries in the world. While film companies had been busy creating talkies, they had also been working on perfecting colour in films. Finally a process was developed that used three colors to create different shades, rather than just two. In 1935, the first three-strip Technicolor film was produced, Becky Sharp. From then on, moving pictures not only sounded real, they looked real too. B. Different Types of Modern Films Since the early days, many different types, or genres, of feature film have been made. These include westerns (such as The Magnificent Seven), thrillers (The Fugitive), comedies (Home Alone), action adventures (Indiana Jones), supernatural horror (Dracula), war epics (The Great Escape), romantic comedies (When Harry Met Sally). Crime and gangster films (The Godfather), films with animation (Who Framed Roger Rabbit? ), spy adventures (Mission Impossible), kung-fu extravaganzas (Enter the Dragon), science-fiction (E.T. —The Extraterrestrial) and modern musicals (Grease and Moulin Rouge). Sometimes films combine two or more genres. Some films are produced with three-dimensional technology, so that if you wear special glasses, the images on-screen appear to have more depth, just like in real life. Other films are made for IMAX cinemas. These special cinemas have giant-sized screens with sophisticated sound systems to make you feel as if you are right in the middle of the action. IV. Conclusion A. Film-making today Film-making requires different specialist staff and technical processes, depending on what the film is about. All films go through three broad stages before they are ready for an audience. During the pre-production stage all the preparations are made for filming. The producer chooses the story, raises money and employs the people who will work on the film. The scriptwriter writes the words, creating an exciting plot and interesting characters. The director decides on the overall style of the film and chooses the leading actors. The art director is in charge of designers for the film sets, costumes and makeup, and choosing locations outside the studio. Technical directors are in charge of crews who build huge film sets and arrange lighting, sound and special effects. The production manager controls the budget and makes practical arrangements for filming. During the production stage filming takes place. Stories are not usually filmed in the right order. The actors and crew film all the scenes that take place in one location before moving on to another. The director guides the creative elements of the film, from giving opinions on the story, to instructing the actors, to choosing camera angles. The director is helped by people in different departments. For instance, a continuity person makes sure that all the details are correct in scenes that are shot out of sequence (such as the actors’ clothes and length of their hair). That way, when the filmed scenes are put into the right order later, they will run together smoothly. The post-production stage happens when all the action has been filmed. An editor cuts sequences of action and joins them together, adding the sound. When the director and producer are happy with it, the finished film is then ready for distribution companies to sell to cinemas or TV companies.

Building A Union Is The Best Option For The Workforce Of...

To All Employees, Forming a union is the best option for the workforce of American Rental Car. The main reason to form a union deals with workers’ dissatisfaction with their jobs, specifically dissatisfaction with their wages, benefits, and supervision (Bernardin, 2013). We are all unhappy with our jobs and need to stand up for our rights as employees in order for the management to listen to our requests. Unionizing will help all the employees of American Rental Car the opportunity to speak their minds in a way that the management will have to consider and listen too. Also, forming a union will help us approach the management as a united workforce and not just individually, which will help us make more of a stance against the poor working conditions and pay scale. 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